Interpol police
The International Criminal Police Organization (French: Organisation internationale de police criminelle; ICPO-INTERPOL), more commonly known asInterpol, is an international organizationfacilitating international police cooperation. It was established as the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) in 1923; it chose INTERPOL as its telegraphic address in 1946, and made it its common name in 1956.[4]
Interpol headquarters in Lyon
INTERPOL has an annual budget of around €113 million, most of which is provided through annual contributions by its membership of police forces in 192 countries (as of 2017). In 2013, the INTERPOL General Secretariat employed a staff of 756, representing 100 member countries.[1] Its current Secretary-General is Jürgen Stock, the former deputy head of Germany's Federal Criminal Police Office. He replaced Ronald Noble, a former United States Under Secretary of the Treasury for Enforcement, who stepped down in November 2014 after serving 14 years.[5] Interpol's current President is Meng Hongwei, Deputy Minister of Public Security of China.
To keep INTERPOL as politically neutral as possible, its charter forbids it, at least in theory, from undertaking interventions or activities of a political, military, religious, or racial nature or involving itself in disputes over such matters.[6] Its work focuses primarily on public safety and battling transnational crimes against humanity, child pornography, computer crime and cybercrime,drug trafficking, environmental crime,genocide, human trafficking, illicit drugproduction[7], piracy, illicit traffic in works of art, intellectual property crime, money laundering, organized crime, corruption,terrorism, war crimes, weapons smuggling, and white-collar crime.
History
In the first part of the 20th century, several efforts were taken to formalize international police cooperation, but they initially failed.[8]Among these efforts were the First International Criminal Police Congress inMonaco in 1914, and the International Police Conference in New York in 1922. The Monaco Congress failed because it was organized by legal experts and political officials, not by police professionals, while the New York Conference failed to attract international attention.
In 1923, a new initiative was taken at the International Criminal Police Congress inVienna, where the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) was successfully founded as the direct forerunner of INTERPOL. Founding members included police officials from Austria, Germany, Belgium, Poland, China, Egypt, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia.[9] The United Kingdom joined in 1928.[10] The United States did not join Interpol until 1938, although a US police officer unofficially attended the 1923 congress.[11]
Following Anschluss in 1938, the organization fell under the control of Nazi Germany, and the Commission's headquarters were eventually moved to Berlin in 1942.[12] Most members withdrew their support during this period.[9] From 1938 to 1945, the presidents of the ICPC included Otto Steinhäusl, Reinhard Heydrich, Arthur Nebe, and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. All were generals in the SS, and Kaltenbrunner was the highest ranking SS officer executed after the Nuremberg Trials.
After the end of World War II in 1945, the organization was revived as the International Criminal Police Organization by officials fromBelgium, France, Scandinavia and the United Kingdom. Its new headquarters were established in Saint-Cloud, a suburb of Paris. They remained there until 1989, when they were moved to their present location in Lyon.
Until the 1980s, INTERPOL did not intervene in the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in accordance with Article 3 of its Charter, which prohibited intervention in "political" matters.[13]
In July 2010, former INTERPOL PresidentJackie Selebi was found guilty of corruption by the South African High Court in Johannesburg for accepting bribes worth €156,000 from a drug trafficker.[14] After being charged in January 2008, Selebi resigned as president of INTERPOL and was put on extended leave as National Police Commissioner of South Africa.[15] He was temporarily replaced by Arturo Herrera Verdugo, the National Commissioner ofInvestigations Police of Chile and former vice president for the American Zone, who remained acting president until October 2008 and the appointment of Khoo Boon Hui.[16]
On 8 November 2012, the 81st General Assembly closed with the election of Deputy Central Director of the French Judicial PoliceMireille Ballestrazzi as the first female president of the organization.[17][18] In November 2016, Meng Hongwei, a politician from the People's Republic of China, was elected president at the 85th Interpol General Assembly, and will serve in this capacity until 2020.[19]
Constitution
The role of INTERPOL is defined by the general provisions of its constitution.[2]
Article 2 states that its role is:
- To ensure and promote the widest possible mutual assistance between all criminal police authorities within the limits of the laws existing in the different countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
- To establish and develop all institutions likely to contribute effectively to the prevention and suppression of ordinary law crimes.
Article 3 states:
Methodology
Contrary to the way it is frequently portrayed in popular culture, Interpol is not a supranational law enforcement agency and has no agents who are able to make arrests.[20] Instead, it is an international organization that functions as a network of criminal law enforcement agencies from different countries. The organization thus functions as an administrative liaison among the law enforcement agencies of the member countries, providing communications and database assistance, assisted via the central headquarters in Lyon, France.[21]
Interpol's collaborative form of cooperation is useful when fighting international crime because language, cultural and bureaucratic differences can make it difficult for police officials from different nations to work together. For example, if ICE and FBI special agents track a terrorist to Italy, they may not know whom to contact in the Polizia di Stato, if the Carabinieri have jurisdiction over some aspect of the case, or who in the Italian government must be notified of the ICE/FBI's involvement. ICE and the FBI can contact the Interpol National Central Bureau in Italy, which would act as a liaison between the United States and Italian law enforcement agencies.
Interpol's databases at the Lyon headquarters can assist law enforcement in fighting international crime.[20] While national agencies have their own extensive crime databases, the information rarely extends beyond one nation's borders. Interpol’s databases can track criminals and crime trends around the world, specifically by means of collections of fingerprints and face photos, lists of wanted persons, DNA samples, and travel documents. Interpol's lost and stolen travel document database alone contains more than 12 million records. Officials at the headquarters also analyze these data and release information on crime trends to the member countries.
An encrypted Internet-based worldwide communications network allows Interpol agents and member countries to contact each other at any time. Known as I-24/7, the network offers constant access to Interpol's databases.[20] While the National Central Bureaus are the primary access sites to the network, some member countries have expanded it to key areas such as airports and border access points. Member countries can also access each other's criminal databases via the I-24/7 system.
Interpol issued 13,637 notices in 2013, of which 8,857 were Red Notices, compared to 4,596 in 2008 and 2,037 in 2003. As of 2013, there are currently 52,880 valid notices in circulation.[1]
In the event of an international disaster, terrorist attack, or assassination, Interpol can send an Incident Response Team (IRT). IRTs can offer a range of expertise and database access to assist with victim identification, suspect identification, and the dissemination of information to other nations' law enforcement agencies. In addition, at the request of local authorities, they can act as a central command and logistics operation to coordinate other law enforcement agencies involved in a case. Such teams were deployed eight times in 2013.[1] Interpol began issuingits own travel documents in 2009 with hopes that nations would remove visa requirements for individuals traveling for Interpol business, thereby improving response times.[22] In September 2017, the organization voted to accept Palestine and the Solomon Islands as members.[23]
Finances
In 2013, Interpol's operating income was €78 million, of which 68 percent was contributed by member countries, mostly in the form of statutory contributions (67 percent) and 26 percent came from externally funded projects, private foundations and commercial enterprises. Financial income and reimbursements made up the other six percent of the total.[1] From 2004 to 2010, Interpol's external auditors was the FrenchCourt of Audit.[24][25] In November 2010, the Court of Audit was replaced by the Office of the Auditor General of Norway for a three-year term with an option for a further three years.[26][27]
Criticism
Despite its politically neutral stance, some have criticized the agency for its role in arrests that critics contend were politically motivated. In 2008, the office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees pointed to the problem of arrests of refugees on the request of Interpol[28] in connection with politically motivated charges. In their declaration, adopted in Oslo (2010),[29] Monaco (2012),[30]Istanbul (2013),[31] and Baku (2014),[32] the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly criticized some OSCE member States for their abuse of mechanisms of the international investigation and urged them to support the reform of Interpol in order to avoid politically motivated prosecution. The Istanbul Declaration of the OSCE cited specific cases of such prosecution, including those of the Russian activist Petr Silaev, financier William Browder, businessman Ilya Katsnelson, Belorussian politician Ales Michalevic, and Ukrainian politician Bohdan Danylyshyn. The resolution of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe of 31 January 2014 criticizes the mechanisms of operation of the Commission for the Control of Interpol's files, in particular, non-adversarial procedures and unjust decisions.[33][34] In 2014, PACE adopted a decision to thoroughly analyse the problem of the abuse of Interpol and to compile a special report on this matter.[35] In May 2015, within the framework of the preparation of the report, the PACE Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights organized a hearing, during which both representatives of NGOs and Interpol had the opportunity to speak.[36]
Organizations, such as the Open Dialog Foundation,[37] Fair Trials International,[38]Centre for Peace Studies,[39] International Consortium of Investigative Journalists[40]indicate that non-democratic states use Interpol in order to harass opposition politicians, journalists, human rights activists and businessmen. According to them, countries that frequently abuse the Interpol system include: China,[41] Russia, Iran, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Tunisia.[37][38][40]
The Open Dialog Foundation's report analysed 44 high-profile political cases, which went through the Interpol system.[37] A number of persons who have been granted refugee status in the EU and the US, including: Russian businessman Andrey Borodin,[42] a native of Chechnya Arbi Bugaev,[43] the Kazakh opposition politician Mukhtar Ablyazov[44] and his associate Artur Trofimov,[45] a journalist from Sri Lanka Chandima Withana[46] continue to remain on the public Interpol list. Some of the refugees remain on the list of Interpol even after courts have refused to extradite them to a non-democratic state (for example, Pavel Zabelin,[47] a witness in the case ofMikhail Khodorkovsky, Alexandr Pavlov,[48]former security chief of the Kazakh oppositionist Ablyazov).
Interpol has recognized some requests to include persons on the wanted list as politically motivated, e.g., Indonesian activistBenny Wenda, Georgian politician Givi Targamadze,[49] ex-president of GeorgiaMikheil Saakashvili,[50] ex-president of Honduras Manuel Zelaya Rosales;[51] these persons have been removed from the wanted list. However, in most cases, Interpol removes a "red notice" against refugees only after an authoritarian state closes a criminal case or declares amnesty (for example, the cases of Russian activists, and political refugees: Petr Silaev, Denis Solopov, Aleksey Makarov, and Turkish sociologist Pinar Selek).[52][53][54][55]The election of Meng Hongwei as president and Alexander Prokopchuk, a Russian, as vice president of Interpol for Europe drew criticism in western media and raised fears of Interpol accepting politically motivated requests from China and Russia.[56][57][58]
Refugees who are included in the list of Interpol can be arrested when crossing the border.[38] The procedure for filing an appeal with Interpol is a long and complex one. For example, the Venezuelan journalist Patricia Poleo and a colleague of Kazakh activistAblyazov, Tatiana Paraskevich, who were granted refugee status, sought to overturn the politically motivated request for as long as one and a half years, and six months, respectively.[59][60][61]
In 2013, Interpol was criticized over its multimillion-dollar deals with such private sector bodies as FIFA, Philip Morris, and the pharmaceutical industry. The criticism was mainly about the lack of transparency and potential conflicts of interest such asCodentify.[62][63][64][65][66][67] After the 2015 FIFA scandal, the organization has severed ties with all the private-sector bodies that evoked such criticism, and has adopted a new and transparent financing framework.
In 2016, Taiwan criticized Interpol for turning down Taiwan's application to join the General Assembly as an observer.[68] The United States supports Taiwan's participation, and the U.S. Congress passed legislation directing the Secretary of State to develop a strategy to obtain observer status for Taiwan.[69]
According to Stockholm Center for Freedom's report that was issued on September 2017, Turkey has weaponized Interpol mechanisms to hunt down legitimate critics and opponents in violation of Interpol's own constitution. The report lists abuse cases where not only arrest warrants but also revocation of travel documents and passports were used by Turkey as persecution tool against critics and opponents. The harassment campaign targeted foreign companies as well.[70]
2014 Russian intervention in Ukraine
On 25 July 2014, despite Interpol's Constitution prohibiting them from undertaking any intervention or activities of a political or military nature,[71] the Ukrainian nationalist paramilitary leader Dmytro Yaroshwas placed on Interpol's international wanted list at the request of Russian authorities,[72]which made him the only person wanted internationally after the beginning of theconflict between Ukraine and Russia in 2014. For a long time, Interpol refused to place former President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych on the wanted list as a suspect in the mass killing of protesters duringEuromaidan.[73][74] Yanukovych was eventually placed on the wanted list on 12 January 2015.[75] However, on 16 July 2015, after an intervention of Joseph Hage Aaronson LLP, the British law firm hired by the former Ukrainian President Yanukovych, the international arrest warrant against the former president of Ukraine was suspended pending further review.[76] In December 2014, theSecurity Service of Ukraine (SBU) liquidated a sabotage and reconnaissance group that was led by a former agent of the Ukrainian Bureau of Interpol that also has family relations in the Ukrainian counter-intelligence agencies.[77]This year[clarification needed], Russia has made attempts to place on the Interpol wanted list Ukrainian politician Ihor Kolomoyskyi and Ukrainian civic activist Pavel Ushevets, subject to criminal persecution in Russia following his pro-Ukrainian art performance in Moscow.[78]
According to The Open Dialog Foundation, Russia and other former Soviet republics like Azerbaijan, Belarus and Kazakhstan frequently misuse the Interpol system. The foundation's reports cite 44 politically motivated cases which have passed through the Interpol system. Of these, 18 cases originated in Russia, 10 in Kazakhstan and five in Belarus.[79]
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